CJD

CJD Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) originates from an infectious agent that infected sheep, which crossed the species barrier to bovines to cause bovine spongiform encephalopathy, then eventually was acquired by humans. Changes in the rendering of livestock carcasses allowed the pathogen to survive and contaminate meat and bone meal in livestock feed, amplifying infection to epidemic proportions. Export of contaminated meat and bone meal and live cattle incubating the disease caused the spread of bovine spongiform encephalopathy to other countries. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy caused variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease that entered into the human food chain. CJD is a disease primarily affecting the nervous system. Worldwide it affects one out of 1 million people, most between 50 and 70 years of age. A marker of the disease is an abnormal protein called a prion that accumulates in the brain of people who have CJD. Transmission of CJD between people is rare, and the agent that causes th e disease is thought not to be highly contagious.Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), typical ...

Economics 1- General Motors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economics 1- General Motors - Essay Example he question directly, the cost structure of the combined entities, as General Motors, improved after the mergers, with the trimming of costs and improving profit margins even when the level of revenues remains constant. Economies of scale is possible only with a certain minimum critical size of firms in an industry such as the automobile industry. The company continued its acquisition binge in the ensuing years. Management decisions that improved operations included reduction of costly factory errors with the establishment of a testing laboratory, and setting up of facilities for research and development, which turned out to be the most complex in the industry at the time. These contributed to improved efficiency and productivity. During the 1920s the big car manufacturers were GM and Ford, followed by Chrysler in 1925 (American Motors was formed only in 1954). At that time only Ford posed a semblance of competition to GM. GM proceeded with some major innovations in management systems using policy coordination from the top, policy direction through top-level committees, and delegation of responsibilities - practices that were to become standard in business management theory and practice. In the late 1920s, GM introduced the synchromesh gears by Cadillac, the shatter-proof safety glass, and the V-16, the first car type with a 16-cylinder engine, setting standards in power and performance. Then it pioneered in innovations in styling and engineering, capped by the discovery of the automatic gear. GM also developed the independ4ent front wheel suspension and the automatic transmission under Sloans leadership before the WWII. In the 1950s GM introduced the V-8 engine with a higher compression ratio, power steering , air-conditioning systems, safety belts, among others. In short, the company outdistanced its competition through design and engineering as demonstrated in the functional quality of cars it produced. In the area of marketing strategy, GM boss Sloans

Victorian Era Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Victorian Era - Assignment Example The term ‘machine for living’ was coined by the French architect Le Corbusier. According to him he felt that a an owner of a house has needs and that is why a house should a machine for living. He was known for designs of Victorian homes which were designed with the idea and his vision for house being a machine for living. Gothic furniture is very influenced by gothic architecture. It contains the unique artwork which is related to church designs and trefoil shapes. Generally the upper back portion of the chairs is very similar the church designs and the carvings are similar to the gothic architecture. Still room was generally found in castles and large establishment in the medieval times. It was used as a distillery room and was connected to the kitchen. The room was mainly used to baking, preparing drinks and jams and the lady of the house of in charge of it. The two new rooms that were introduced during the Victorian era were the billiards room and the smoking room. Billiards room as the name suggests should not be confused with the game of billiards, rather the room was used as a place of entertainment. The smoking room was a place where men would often retire after their supper. In the earliest times, glass was considered a precious material and was so highly valued that it was only used by the wealthiest families as their windows. It started becoming more popular during the 14th century and was developed to make flat window glasses. The French glass blowers developed it for the first time and it was called the crown glass. This made it possible for house owners to start using glass for their windows. The Victorian Era was considered the time often fakes due to one particular reason. The faux fireplace was the reason behind it. When the parlor stoves became a common way to heating a room, they were most of time place in front of an existing fireplace. The Victorians would seal up their existing fireplace with

Implementing Qualitative Approaches to the Dissertation Research Paper

Implementing Qualitative Approaches to the Dissertation - Research Paper Example The problem is aggravated by lack of concern among members of the society and relevant stakeholders. Algebra is an essential part of mathematics. Learning mathematics is considered a basic feature of all education systems around the world (Hyde & Mertz, 2009). The importance associated with the subject can be linked to its ability to develop individuals with strong analytical and problem solving abilities. As a result, it is an important requirement for a workforce that can solve the challenges of the modern economy. In particular, algebra teaches individuals critical thinking. However, it is unfourtunate that the American society does not seem to be worried about the poor performance in intermediate algebra. In addition, an internet search revealed that few people have focused on the poor performance in intermediate algebra. Instead, the existing studies appear to have focused on basic mathematics or other stages of learning algebra. Understanding the causes will enable all the stakeholders to solve the problem in an effort to enhance the quality of the education system. The primary objective of this study is to establish the level of poor performance in algebra in the United States. The research will set the stage for comprehensively understanding the problem by evaluating the underlying causes. The focus on the causes of this worrying trend is influenced by the belief that the formulation of effective intervention measures depends on having a strong garsp of the challenges facing the instruction and learning of intermediate algebra. The secondary objective is formulating appropriate measures to deal with the problem. The last objective is to contribute towards the existing literature on the issue so that policy makers have a large body of work to use in creating policy measures. The qualitative nature of the study will influence the design that will be adopted (Englander, 2012). For instance, the process will rely on

Why Is the Initial Consultation Important Essay Example for Free

Why Is the Initial Consultation Important Essay In this essay I intend to discuss why an initial consultation is so important, before delivering any hypnotherapy to a new client. I also will look at the ethical factors a therapist should cover at the time of the initial consultation. Prior to any course of hypnotherapy with a new client a reputable therapist would want to learn more about the person that has presented before them. This would be done with an initial consultation. It could be said that this initial consultation would be free of charge and last around half an hour. Some however, would say that you are giving half an hour of your time free of charge. Although my thoughts are that it would make clearer sense to not charge as a client would not feel that their time with a therapist was being wasted by a therapist just asking questions. (Although how this was advertised should be looked into very carefully as stated in (module 3 worksheet), the words â€Å"free consultations?† could be open to misinterpretation were the words â€Å"free initial consultation!† is clearer and states exactly what is offered). There are a number of aims of the initial consultation. The most obvious reason for this would be to give the chance to meet a client face to face. Also a therapist would at this time be able to ensure that the client would benefit from hypnotherapy and indeed that hypnotherapy is the right course of action for that individual case. Also this gives the opportunity to gather as much information as possible about the prospective clients and the reason they have decided to undertake hypnotherapy. It is important that the reasons they are there are fully understood for example someone that wishes to stop smoking must have an incentive to why they are seeking hypnotherapy to help them quit. This should be investigated fully! are they there because people are nagging them to stop? Are they there because they themselves have reasons to want to stop? Perhaps they see smoking as unhealthy for them and those around them partner, children etc. The therapist should always dig deeper perhaps find out if there are anytime’s that they smoke more cigarettes. It could be that when that person gets stressed for a particular reason they smo ke more as a  way of dealing with it. This will influence the hypnotic suggestion during the therapy. â€Å"A suggestion is a communication by the hypnotist to the subject and, as with any communication; it is intended to alter the recipient’s feelings, thoughts and behaviour in a specified way.†(Pg 3, Heap Dryden.) During this the therapist can also discover the reason why the client has thought that hypnotherapy will help them. In addition the therapist is also establishing if they themselves have the skills to help the client. A therapist would also have the opportunity during this consultation to gather other information such as medications? Are they on medication if so what and what is it for. Perhaps they suffer from depression! With such a condition it would be prudent if this has not already been sought to gain the permission of their doctor before a course of treatment commences. (This of course depends upon the skills and experience of the therapist. There are some mental illnesses that should not be treated by hypnotherapy such as Bi-polar disorders etc(Heap and Dryden) There are other conditions and illnesses that could also present an issue with using hypnotherapy as a treatment and again would probably need permission from a Dr before any commencement of treatment. Modality an individual’s modality can also be assessed at this time this would help with the selection of an appropriate style of screed for any treatment. There are many other avenues of questioning during this initial consultation. However, I would like us to assume that we have followed all lines of question that we feel appropriate during the initial consultation and all is well and a therapist decides that the client will benefit from hypnotherapy. Let us also assume that the client has presented to us with a very low self esteem issue! For the purpose of this Essay and descriptive demonstration we shall call our client Jane. During the initial consultation it was established that Jane is going for a new job that would mean a promotion and more responsibility and to her surprise she managed to get the job because it is with her existing employer and her immediate boss recommended her for the new post. Jane however feels she is not capable of fulfilling the new role and feels more secure doing what she is doing right now as she knows that job inside out and is good at it. The new job has more responsibility and she would also be in charge of other members of staff. During the consultation it was established that Jane feels that she is not much good at  anything. What Jane has shown a therapist is that she has learnt this behaviour from somewhere? A little bit of digging into her past may establish why Jane feels this way. This sort of feeling is trapped within the subconscious mind and is brought across to her conscious mind. During further questioning it is established that Jane when she was younger was the middle child of three. Her parents would show more attention to the other children and praise them for achievements more than they would Jane. Jane recalls them saying on many occasions that she is useless and should be more like her siblings as she won’t amount to anything!!! This has presented Jane with a negative belief in her subconscious that in turn has made her believe that she is indeed useless. With the prospect of the new job role and promotion she believes she won’t be able to do the new role. Despite her current boss believing she can. Jane’s conscious mind is hearing her boss say you would be ideal for the job therefore we have a conflict. We now thanks to the initial consultation know where we should begin to help Jane with her self-esteem. To work with the positive aspects such as her bosses confidence in her and the fact that she herself admits to being good at her present job. It can be safely assumed that Jane was not born doing that job and indeed had to learn to do it. Also to work at the root or the negative beliefs she has that where placed into her subconscious by her parents during her childhood experiences. None of this could have been achieved if we did not have an initial consultation. Had Jane had just come along to a therapist and said I have low self-esteem. The Therapist says ok â€Å"Now close your eyes† Well nothing would be achieved â€Å"unless a total fluke†. Therefore this demonstrates the importance of the initial consultation. An ethical Therapist during this consultation would also look at other factors while deciding if a course of hypnotherapy will benefit and what course of action to take. A client that presented to you although had unrealistic expectations. This is a client who would otherwise be a good subject for treatment, but has the view that Hypnotherapy is a magic cure all. A patient such as this may seek hypnosis as a form of treatment because he has already tried a series of unsuccessful therapies. He is looking for something quick and easy. Even though hypnosis often works more rapidly than other forms of treatment, it cannot be expected to accomplish the impossible. (pg 280 Hypnosis for change Hadley and Staudacher) To inform a client that  everything is possible when it would not be would be a lie and would shadow doubt on the ethics of a therapist. An example would be a therapist that is presented with a client and the client wants a therapist to get rid of the strong feelings she has for her ex boyfriend and believes that the therapist can make her hate him rather than love him. This would be impossible. Even if during hypnosis the client did hate her ex boyfriend it would not be possible to continue into waking Hypnosis and this is due to a separation between our subconscious and our conscious minds this is known as the CCF (Conscious Critical Faculty) The CCF is a sort of filter. For example I could say that the grass is blue but you actually know it is not blue it is indeed green. That is because your conscious mind has the ability to be critical of suggestion therefore I could say the grass is Blue until I was blue in the face. You however, would know it was Green. Although I could suggest this under hypnosis and you would probably think the grass was blue until you where no longer under hypnosis because you’re conscious mind and the CCF would say once again it is Green. Therefore we could not change or do the impossible and it would be totally un-ethical to even attempt to proclaim to be able to do this just to secure a client. The most important ethical consideration a therapist should bare mind to is to be realistic with the therapists own ability as to take on something that clearly is beyond the therapists skills or remit could lead to MISAPPLICATION That is using the wrong treatment stemming largely from failure to diagnose correctly during the initial consultation. For example, A common request for anyone who employs hypnotic techniques in therapy, is for help of chronic pain, pain suppression or pain management and increased tolerance is readily achieved with a good proportion of people who make such a request. The potential then exists for the sufferer to learn to mask the symptom of the disorder which if progressive or life threatening, may place him or her in danger- at least of not seeking appropriate diagnosis and treatment until the disorder is too advanced to be treated. (pg 187 Heap and Dryden). Therefore if the therapist is using a good ethical practice during the initial consultation He or She will know their limitation and abilities. Other ethical issues that should be adhered to not only at the time of the initial consultation are laid out by the National Hypnotherapy society and to cover some of these in brief. That a therapist should not hold  discrimination towards anyone based upon their Religion, gender, sexuality, politics, disability, age, marital status. It is important that when a client asks a question pertaining to their treatment and their goals that a therapist answers the question as fully and accurately as possible if an answer is not known then to make something up would be a big mistake that could hold serious consequences. Therefore a therapist should endeavour to find an accurate answer. This would not undermine the client’s faith in a therapist if done correctly. For example that is something I would have to investigate further however I should have an answer for you in a day or two perhaps I could call you or we can speak at our next session. No lies have been told and the client is still happy. An Ethical practice puts the clients Welfare at the forefront and offers a service with respect, dignity and understanding. (Code of Ethics the National Hypnotherapy Society). Bibliography. Hypnosis for Change. 3rd edit. Hadley and Staudacher. Hypnotherapy (a handbook) Heap and Dryden. National Hypnotherapy society (code of ethics) British association of counsellors and psychotherapists (code of Ethics)

Marketing Management Assignment At Tescos Business Commerce Essay

Marketing Management Assignment At Tescos Business Commerce Essay The biggest private supermarket Tesco has more than 360000 employees all over the world .More than 80% of total sales are from England. Tesco runs more than 2,300 supermarkets, hypermarkets, and convenience stores in the UK. Tesco is the market leader in grocery. Tesco also provides the facilities of online market. They are promotion their business with the help of television and other retail based education centre. Tesco operates more than 10 countries including Korea ,China and Japan .They have recently opened their branches in Us .They have expanded their market in four kind of storage range which are Tesco metro which is established in big city and town. Where we can buy a lot of food items. Tesco super store, which is wide range of non- food items Tesco extra is generally food and non food items including the seasonal items. Now days, Tesco is a market leader in UK supermarket sector. Tesco express has located small areas where we can buy fresh local food. Swot analysis Swot analysis is the most important and first stage of planning. It is a feedback mechanism to make new strategies for any organisation. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats are the four components of a swot analysis. Weaknesses and Strengths are correlated and examine the internal part of the business analysis whereas Opportunities and Threats deal with the external environment of business operation. Weaknesses and strengths refer to aspect of marketing, finance, manufacturing or organisational structure. Swot analysis helps clarifies the objectives of the organisation. Strength of Tesco Good reputation among the costumer. Strong financial support. Good and healthy environment and low cost policy. Awareness of brand. Global market and same production but different quality base on diversity stake holders. Global leader in online grocery sales. Diverse range product and 24 hour open. On line shopping and Diversification Weakness of Tesco International brand and local competitors. Lack of enough self services. Lack of experiences on local market. Not good location. Lack of good quality. Opportunities of Tesco A strong customer demand and good services. Arrival of new technologies. International expansion. Increases stakeholders and globalizations market.. Low cost market. Threats of Tesco Strong competitive market. New regulations and increased trade barrier. High Competition for customers and resources. Changing social trends. Marketing Objective of Tesco The biggest supermarkets might have the following objectives. More than 20% target in market share. More than 10% target in terms of operations margin. Customer sponsorship and encouragements. Employee motivation and performance management. Respected corporation(the number of stakeholders who respect Tesco) Tesco manager must ensure that its sets SMART marketing objectives, which are measurable, timely limited, attainable and relevant. Marketing Strategy of Tesco After the market research Tesco manager applied retail strategy to find who their customers are in each market and what they want now and in the future. Tesco execute all the retail process system and trade system of government that enables them to express to the customer. Tesco manager wants to find out the customer needs and satisfaction and he give it to them. Tesco manager helped to extend a succession of supermarket from being an unbeneficial also ran to being market leader with a 33% market share and a 4% base line. Tesco manager keep together teams of consultant that had developed all the strategies that Tesco and the worldwide leading retailers supermarkets. Tesco flow the retail strategy into their market to find out who their customers are, what they want, but above all can actually deliver consistently to the customer. . Tesco has a clear strategy, with growth being pursue from four areas; The core UK grocery business, Non-food, International expansion and Retailing services such as financial services packages. Essentially, Tesco is using its heavy firm core to maintain the business instant over as it forge new riskier areas of growth. Pushing further into non-food in the next phase Lidl and Aldi are currently destroying the bazaar by selling the products lower cost price. Therefore, Tescos basic strategy will have to be cost leadership, unless Tesco manager can successfully differentiate their line of clothing so that they can charge a premium price. Tesco have adopted an environmental open policy. It will assist them to attain a more environmentally conscious representation .They have continued to lower prices and raise their manufactured goods ranges year on year. That is an example of Tesco cost-leadership strategy as well as capability to lock in customers any marketing strategy will involve analysing the markets, customer needs and satisfaction, and which products to offer. These strategies are implemented through marketing plans, which involve detailed decisions about factors such as the price and the way of product distributed. So Tesco must decide on its model of entry in terms of, own stores, Internet selling or joint venture with an existing national retailer. Strategic Analysis of Tesco Tesco managers face so many obstacles in trying to find out the environments and its threats. First obstacle is environment of Tesco. Environment creates many different influences and it makes sense of this diversity in a way which is direct concern and contributes to make strategy decision. The second difficult is changing new technology and speed of global communication, for analysing the environment we have to auditing the environmental influence on business. It is important that what kind of environment influence have been face in past. And the extent to which can make only of these more or less significant in the future for any employers and their competitors. In past analysis we have to analyze its factor and influence on an organization. Such kind of influence is a growing trend of organization towards globalisation and possible future of organization. It helps to consider the existing strategic which might need to change. Pest analysis Political/legal Political factors can have a direct impact on the way business operation. In political factors includes governments regulations and legal issues which defined formal and informal rules Governments tax policy. Health and safety law. New governments law and policy. Political situation and governments stability. Employment law, politician trade and labour union. Economic factors It is true that all business is affected by economic factors of country. Economics factors affected the purchasing power of customers. Per -Capita income and interest rate. Trade union and economic condition of nation. Government lone, money supply interest rates. Economic crisis. Unemployment rate of country. 3) Socio cultural factors Social factors include the demographic and cultural aspects. Social factors direct affected customer and needs and size of customer in potential markets Mobility of society. New remarkable change in human life style. Education level and different culture and society. Different attitudes and social trends. Social transfer, Tradition perception and new globalization world. 4) Technological New changeable technology is being more challenging for any organisations and it is changing the way business operates. Some technological factors that direct related to Tesco are: The rate of changing technology. New scientific attitude and miss use. Nuclear innovation, its fear and effect on globalization market. The Rates of obsolescence and Government investment and focus on technology effort. In 2008 Update on Tesco UK Online Market Share was: Tesco 27.1% Asda 10.1% Aldi (which doesnt sell online) 9.5% Sainsburys 6.9% Waitrose / Ocado on 4.2% The above table shows that Tesco is more successful and market leaders organization in UK (in terms of market share) Business scorecard of Tesco We can define the business scorecard as performance management tool, which began as a concept for determine whether the first scale outcomes in terms of Tesco vision and strategy. It helps to Tesco for define the value, mission and SWOT analysis. The business scorecard is base on for perspective; Financial status of the Tesco. The internal process of the Tesco. The level of customer satisfaction of Tesco. Education and development process of Tesco. The main area of financial perspective is return on investment, cash flow, return on capital employees and financial results of Tesco. Internal business process shows that number of activities per function, duplicate activities across function, process arrangement and process bottlenecks. In customer satisfaction level we can define quality and delivery performance to customer, customer satisfaction and retention rate and customer overflow in market. Job satisfaction, employee turnover, learning opportunities and accurate level of skill for the job are the area of education and development process. The implementation of business scorecards The business scorecard must consequence in: Enhanced process of Tesco. Encouraged workers. Improved information system. Monitored development. Huge customer approval. Improved monetary convention. l l Conclusion Any marketing strategy will involve analysing the markets, customer needs and satisfaction, and which products to offer. These strategies are implemented through marketing plans, which involve detailed decisions about factors such as the price and the way of product distributed. So Tesco must decide on its model of entry in terms of, own stores, Internet selling or joint venture with an existing national retailer Tesco is the marker leader in food retail on the current market situation. It more than 2000 supermarket, hypermarkets and convenience store in the UK, Ireland, central Europe and Asia. The objective vision and strategy of Tesco are cleared. Especially the case study is focus on Tesco strategy and its business scorecard, which determine the performance management tools. Business scorecard helps to Tesco for define the value and its four prospective. Tesco has the different marketing strategy; Tescos basic strategy will have to be cot leadership and growth. Tesco want to be a bet supermarket in its stakeholder perception so it complies with law and ethnical standard. Tesco maintain clean organized culture and respect to customers. We can found that Tesco plc marketing strategy is different and sample then other local supermarkets. They flow different policy and management process in each store.

The Role of the Informal Sector in the National Economy :: Economics

The Role of the Informal Sector in the National Economy MOZAMBIQUE Introduction ============ In an attempt to respond to the topic this essay will discuss the role of the informal sector in the Mozambican economy. For a better understanding of the topic some important definitions shall be given. For the purpose of this essay, the concept of economy can be defined as the science that deals with production and consumption of goods and services, the circulation of wealth and the redistribution of income. On the other hand, the concept of the informal sector was introduced into international usage in 1972 by the International Labor Organization (ILO) in its Kenya Mission Report. Though there is no consensus on the definition of the informal sector, coupled with the fact that in Mozambique the concept varies with the different periods of history, the following are the common characteristics of this sector as defined by ILO: (a) ease of entry; (b) reliance on indigenous resources; (c) family ownership; (d) small scale operations; (e) labor intensive and adaptive technology; (f) skills acquired outside of formal sector; (g) unregulated and competitive markets. Since that time, different authors and the ILO itself introduced many definitions. The ILO/ICFTU international symposium on the informal sector in 1999 proposed that informal sector workforce can be categorized into three broad groups: (a) owner-employers of micro enterprises, a few paid workers, with or without apprentices; (b) own-account workers, who own and operate one-person business, who work alone or with the help of unpaid workers, generally family members and apprentices; (c) dependent workers paid or unpaid, including wage workers in micro enterprises, unpaid family workers, apprentices, contract labor, home workers and paid domestic workers. (Santos in Dhemba; 1999) Mozambique Social Economic Situation ==================================== The signing of the peace agreement and the implementation of the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Mozambique caused an impoverishment of the poor, especially in towns where the decline in purchasing power is most felt as it is harder to find alternative income to buy food. The liberalization of the market opened up the possibilities to import goods, however, the purchasing power of Mozambican citizens are still very low. There was a rise in the levels of unemployment as a result of the mass retrenchment originated by the implementation of the SAP policy. According to a World Bank study, and many other studies, unemployment is a strong indicator of economic crisis. In spite of all the measures taken by the Government to bring about economic and social development, this development was not percolating down to the masses fast enough. Due to the pervasive effects of the globalizing economy, population growth and urban migration, the active labor force was growing at a much faster rate than the availability of