Determinism, Compatibilism, Incompatibilism Free Essays

Determinism is a philosophical standpoint, which advocates that every action and event, including humans’ mental processes and decisions can be predicted using chains of previous occurrences. In this manner, humans’ futures are not necessarily predetermined but can be shaped and influenced by past and present circumstances. Compatibilism is a philosophical viewpoint, which postulates that free will and determinism are complementary ideas. We will write a custom essay sample on Determinism, Compatibilism, Incompatibilism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Free will can be defined as man’s freedom to choose and be responsible for his actions and decisions. Compatibilists believe that as long as man’s actions and decisions are not forced on him, or he is not constrained or coerced to do anything he doesn’t want, then he is exercising his free will. In theological aspect, compatibilism argues that even if God is all-knowing, He didn’t took away from man his capacity to decide whether he’d choose the right or wrong path. Man is left with the moral responsibility of his actions. Incompatibilism, as the term implies, is a notion that is opposite to that of compatibilism. Incompatibilists argue that free will and determinism are not complementary. There are two types of incompatibilism. First is the libertarianism, which states that the universe can’t be deterministic and believers of this concept assert that free will exists. The second one is called hard determinism, which asserts that determinism exists but it is not compatible with free will. The Consequence Argument was formulated by Van Inwagen to support the Incompatibilists’ assertion that free will and determinism can never go together. This argument operates on the no-choice premise, which states that if determinism exists, then man has no control over events and the nature’s laws, and their consequences. There are two inferences that support Inwagen’s argument: Inference A: man has no choice of what went on before his time and how things happened prior to his birth; Inference B: man has no choice on the laws of nature and how they affect and shape events of the present and future. From these inferences, Inwagen’s argument concludes that the result or consequences of the natural laws and past occurrences are not up to man. Man, therefore, has no choice. If I were a compatibilist, I would argue against the Consequence Argument by contradiction. If I can prove that either A or B is not true, then, that would negate Van Inwagen’s claim that incompatibilism is true. For instance, if Raul’s father died because of weak lungs and Raul also has weak lungs because of his genetic make up, then Inference A would be true because he can’t do anything about his genes. The natural conclusion, under determinism, would for Raul to also die because of weak lungs. However, Raul can make Inference B false by taking care of himself and avoiding any substance that would further weaken his lungs. He can also fight his condition by taking medicines and exercising. Raul has every chance of overcoming his weakness and need not die from weak lungs. Even if Raul has no choice about his genetic make up, he still has a choice on how to address this matter. Since Inference B is proven false, then, the Consequence Argument does not hold true. How to cite Determinism, Compatibilism, Incompatibilism, Papers

An Exceptional Woman of the Eighteenth Century Essay Example For Students

An Exceptional Woman of the Eighteenth Century Essay Elizabeth-Louise Vigee-Le Brun is noted as a very prominent woman/artist in the World of the Eighteenth Century art. She is known for her work as a portrait painter. Her most famous works are included in the series that she had painted at age twenty-four of Queen Marie-Antoinette. Vigee-Le Brun was a woman of so many talents. Before she died at eighty-seven years old, she was an accomplished artist, exceptional musician, and a loving mother to her daughter Julie. Vigee-Le Brun was an unusually unattractive woman. She was charming and self-confident with an ability to present her sitters personas most advantageously. Vigee-Le Brun was very reputable because she managed to keep her head and professional reputation in a time of political upheaval. (French Revolution). This allowed her to gain fame in France, Italy, Austria, and Russia. Vigee-Le Brun was such an endowed artist that by the age of fifteen she could have supported herself and her family, if her funds werent taken away from her by her stepfather and unruly husband. Just nine years later she began her most famous portrait series of Marie-Antoinette. This series included Marie-Antoinette and her children at Versailles -1788, (shown below) the last portrait of thirty that Vigee-Le Brun painted of the doomed queen. This painting still hangs at Versailles. Louis XVI said to Vigee-Le Brun, I have no knowledge of painting, but you make me fond of it. (Levey 280). Notice the painting shown on the pervious page. Vigee-Le Brun was a painter of the Rococo period. Rococo is best described as an eighteenth century art style that placed emphasis on portraying the carefree life of the aristocracy rather than on grand heroes or pious martyrs. Love and romance were considered to be better subjects for art than historical or religious subjects. The style was characterized by a free, graceful movement; a playful use of line; and delicate colors. This is represented it the work Marie-Antoinette and her children at Versailles -1788. To describe the work in great detail you must first look at Marie-Antoinette. Her complexion is very fair and she is portrayed as an extremely feminine woman. Her femininity is also shown by her dress. The dress is a rich, red color with a low neckline, and surrounded by lace and ribbons. This could represent a life-line between Marie-Antoinette and the youngest of her children because the baby boy is holding on to it for support. All babies need to feel this closeness with their mothers. Vigee-Le Brun could have used that to show Marie-Antoinette as a good motherly figure to the other mothers whom would have seen this work. Another symbol of her motherliness is shown because she is holding her children next to what could be the bed of one of the children, most likely the babys crib. The dress is harboring a skirt that is more than enough trouble for Marie-Antoinette to handle in one day. This gown is a representation of the aristocracy and of a womans power. She is wearing a large, matching hat with overbearing feathers. This is also a representation of power. The hat is a frequent characteristic in the series of Marie-Antoinette. Another characteristic of the series is shown by Marie-Antoinettes legs and feet being rested upon a very decorated pillow. This could show that she was of the aristocracy and her feet should be above the dirt on the floor. Now we move on to the children in the painting. They are all wearing fancy clothes, just as children of the aristocracy would. The oldest child is looking up with a gaze in her eyes of admiration for her mother. She looks as if she is being shown as a young Marie-Antoinette. The young girls dress is also like that of her mothers. It too, is a deep red color with a small outline of lace and ribbon around the neck. The dress has an added bow around the waist. This is done to show the dress as a dress of less maturity. The daughter does look like a young version of her mother, yes; but she can not be shown as overly mature because she is still a young lady. The bow simply down plays the power because of the child-like characteristic. .ud4b018cab053545f2eebdfeb2cc26350 , .ud4b018cab053545f2eebdfeb2cc26350 .postImageUrl , .ud4b018cab053545f2eebdfeb2cc26350 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud4b018cab053545f2eebdfeb2cc26350 , .ud4b018cab053545f2eebdfeb2cc26350:hover , .ud4b018cab053545f2eebdfeb2cc26350:visited , .ud4b018cab053545f2eebdfeb2cc26350:active { border:0!important; } .ud4b018cab053545f2eebdfeb2cc26350 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud4b018cab053545f2eebdfeb2cc26350 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud4b018cab053545f2eebdfeb2cc26350:active , .ud4b018cab053545f2eebdfeb2cc26350:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud4b018cab053545f2eebdfeb2cc26350 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud4b018cab053545f2eebdfeb2cc26350 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud4b018cab053545f2eebdfeb2cc26350 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud4b018cab053545f2eebdfeb2cc26350 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud4b018cab053545f2eebdfeb2cc26350:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud4b018cab053545f2eebdfeb2cc26350 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud4b018cab053545f2eebdfeb2cc26350 .ud4b018cab053545f2eebdfeb2cc26350-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud4b018cab053545f2eebdfeb2cc26350:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Response to civil disobedience EssayThe baby boy in the picture is, as noted in the first paragraph, holding onto his mother with an urgency to fulfill the need of the mothers love and presence. The young boy, the middle child, is standing next to the crib of the baby boy with his finger pointing to the crib of his younger brother. The young boy has very nice posture. His attire is also that of an aristocratic child. This is a symbol of strength and masculinity. (At least enough for his age. ) All of the children are nicely dressed and they all have very detailed faces; each is showing a different expression. An expression that would relate to their ages. ) They are all very beautiful children. difficult to convey an idea today of the urbanity, the graceful ease, in a word the affability of manners which made the charm of Parisian society forty years ago. The women reigned then: the Revolution dethroned them. Elisabeth Vige-Le Brun, 1835. The theme of the work is to portray Marie-Antoinette through Vigee-Le Bruns portrait as mother-like to the other mothers and to the public whom would view her pictures. Elizabeth-Louise Vigee-Le Bruns goal through Marie-Antoinette and Her Children was to create an image of the Queen that would appeal to the common folk. The composition of the portrait shows good relations between the children and their mother. The Rococo movement that is in play through this work has that palette of the typical Rococo painting. It demonstrates the soft colors and a playful use of the line. It shows the delicacy between each object and person in the entire work. Through the series of Marie-Antoinettes portraits, Vigee-Le Brun had developed a relationship with the Queen. This, of course, had its obvious advantages for Vigee-Le Brun. Through this relationship, Vigee-Le Brun was granted an acceptance into the Royal Academy. This was a great advantage for her because she was technically barred from the academy due to her husbands profession. But, Vigee-Le Bruns relationship had made her presence around the Queen in France too dangerous because of the Revolution. Due to this, she and her nine year-old daughter made a dramatic escape from Paris. Her timing was so close that the night that she left was the same night that Marie-Antoinette and Louis XVI were arrested. From this escape, she and her daughter began twelve years of exile. Throughout these twelve years, she again captivated the nobilitys attention with her works. Her talent again gained her admissions into several academies. One quote from a recent writer serves as complete closing for Elizabeth-Louise Vigee-Le Brun when her art is characterized as a conspicuous anachronism, typifying the final attempt by Ancient Regime society to shut its eyes to unwelcomed realities, and to take refuge in a world of make-believe and fancy dress. (Heller 60).

Analysis Of Citizen Kane Essays - English-language Films

Analysis Of Citizen Kane Essays - English-language Films Analysis Of Citizen Kane The classic masterpiece, Citizen Kane (1941), is probably the world's most famous and highly rated film, with its many remarkable scenes, cinematic and narrative techniques and innovations. The director, star, and producer were all the same individual - Orson Welles (in his film debut at age 25), who collaborated with Herman J. Mankiewicz on the script and with Gregg Toland as cinematographer. Within the maze of its own aesthetic, Citizen Kane develops two interesting themes. The first concerns the debasement of the private personality of the public figure, and the second deals with the crushing weight of materialism. Taken together, these two themes comprise the bitter irony of an American success story that ends in futile nostalgia, loneliness, and death. The fact that the personal theme is developed verbally through the characters while the materialistic theme is developed visually, creating a distinctive stylistic counterpoint. It is against the counterpoint that the themes unfol d within the structure of a mystery story. Its theme is told from several perspectives by several different characters and is thought provoking. The tragic story is how a millionaire newspaperman, who idealistically made his reputation as the champion of the underprivileged, becomes corrupted by a lust for wealth, power and immortality. Kane's tragedy lies in his inability to experience any real emotion in his human relationships. The apparent intellectual superficiality of Citizen Kane can be traced to the shallow quality of Kane himself. Even when Kane is seen as a crusading journalist battling for the lower classes, overtones of self-idolatry mar his actions. His clever ironies are more those of the exhibitionist than the crusader. His second wife complains that Kane never gave her anything that was part of him, only material possessions that he might give a dog. His best friend, Jedediah Leland, was a detached observer functioning as a sublimated conscience remarks to the reporter that Kane never gave anything away: he le ft you a tip. In each case, Kane's character is described in materialistic terms. What Kane wanted - love, emotional loyalty, the unspoiled world of his boyhood, symbolized by rosebud, he was unable to provide for those around him, or buy for himself. The intriguing opening is filled with hypnotic dissolves from one sinister, mysterious image to the next, moving forward closer and closer. The film's first sight is a No Trespassing sign hanging on a giant gate in the night's foggy mist, illuminated by the moonlight. The camera pans up the chain-link mesh gate, which dissolves and changes into images of great iron flowers or oak leaves on the heavy gate. On the crest of the gate is a single, silhouetted, wrought iron K initial. The gate surrounds a distant, forbidding-looking castle with towers. The fairy-tale castle is situated on a man-made mountain, obviously the estate of a wealthy man. The same shots are repeated in reverse at the very end of the film. The initial and concluding clash of realism and expressionism suggests in a subtle way, the theme of Citizen Kane. The intense material reality of the fence dissolves into the fantastic unreality of the castle, and in the end, the mystic pretension of the castle dissolves into th e mundane substance of the fence. Matter has come full circle from its original quality to the grotesque baroque of its excess. As each flashback unfolds, the visual scenario of Citizen Kane orchestrates the dialogue. A universe of ceilings dwarfs Kane's personal stature. He becomes the prisoner of his possessions, the ornament of his furnishings, and the fiscal instrument of his collections. His booming voice is muffled by walls, carpets, furniture, hallways, stairs the vast recesses of useless space. Gregg Toland's camera set-ups are designed to frame characters in the oblique angles of light and shadow created by their artificial environment. There are no luminous close-ups in which faces are detached from their backgrounds. When characters move across rooms, the floors and ceilings move with them. This technique which is highly unusual, tends to dehumanize characters by reducing them to fixed ornaments in a shifting architecture. The choice of camera position was an important factor in getting across artistic and psychological effects. To the photograph a person or object from below, distorts that object. It tends

Looking At The Us Foster Care System Social Work Essay Essay Example

Looking At The Us Foster Care System Social Work Essay Essay Example Looking At The Us Foster Care System Social Work Essay Essay Looking At The Us Foster Care System Social Work Essay Essay Foster attention system in United States has been at that place for a long clip although the modes of when it was started are really much different from todays or current 1s. During the twelvemonth 1853 a curate ( Charles Loring Brace ) from New York started the free Foster place motion. He was propelled by a big figure of immigrant kids who were without places nutrient or shelter. The curate advertised the demand for the households to volitionally and whole heartedly provide these kids with free nutrient and shelter. Get downing early 1900 s the authorities bureaus began to supervise and even oversee Foster parents. This brought an terminal to the arrangement of a kid with any willing household. The acceptance and safe households act of 1997 is perceived to hold made the most important alterations to the kids public assistance commissariats since 1980 ( Foster-care.adoptionblogs.com 1 ) . How the United States foster attention system plants The current Foster attention system in the United States is the Adoption and Safe Families Act ( ASFA ) which was signed by Former president Bill Clinton. Its chief aims was to turn to the issue of long continuances of Foster attention, prejudice towards household saving at the disbursal of kids s safety and good being and unequal attending and resources devoted to acceptance. One of the cardinal commissariats was to guarantee that kid safety, permanence and good being are of a paramount concern in any kid s public assistance determination. Another proviso was to promote provinces to hasten permanence determinations for kids in Foster attention at the same clip promoting and even increasing the figure of acceptances specifically through a new acceptance incentive payment plan. Another proviso was the constitution of criterions and a province of answerability system whereby provinces face fiscal punishments for failure to show betterments in kid s result and besides promote provinces to prove advanced attacks to presenting kid attention services by spread outing the bing release plan. To further its publicity to safe and stable households, the authorities financess for time-limited household reunion service. It besides financess acceptance publicity and support activities. It besides financess the striplings who are doing the passage from foster attention to self sufficiency and former Foster young person up to the age of 21. The support assists the young persons both financially and besides in lodging aid. The fund besides assists the young persons or striplings in footings of guidance and other support services needed to assist in going independent. The Foster system has besides some educational and vocational plans for the older young person go forthing the Foster attention. The Foster attention system in the United States besides provides Medicaid coverage to some of the former Foster young persons. Through the tribunals, United States Foster Care systems be sides guarantee that there is a decrease of backlog of maltreatment and disregard of attention. Through the tribunals, it besides ensures it expedites the flow of single instances by automatizing the instance -tracking or data- aggregation systems. This is made possible because SANCA provides comparatively little grants to tribunals so that they can fund their undertaking so as to accomplish the specified ends. The Foster system in United States besides ensures that there is no detaining or denying of acceptance and Foster attention arrangements on footing of race or ethnicity. This is because it requires the provinces to enroll prospective adaptive and even foster attention households from cultural and racial backgrounds so that there can be a contemplation of the diverseness among kids necessitating replacing ( Murray and Gesiriech 1 ) . Why the Foster attention root has failed to supply services to the kids. The United States Foster system has been faulted for its failure to supply the kids with the services they need. Many critics say that this inadequacy in services can be attributed to a dramatic addition in the figure of kids placed in surrogate attention during the 1990 s which was as a consequence of alterations in federal policies and Torahs sing to the coverage of and step ining in instances of kid maltreatment and disregard. Again, the Foster attention system is under examination because of the conscienceless conditions that the kids faced after being removed from their households which included the separation from siblings and being placed in places that were badly equipped to pull off their single demands. Critics besides argue that many kids take more clip at surrogate places while waiting for acceptance or lasting arrangement. For case ASFA reduced the sum of clip a kid may stay in the Foster attention without a hearing to turn to his or her deficiency of a lasting arrangeme nt from 18- 12 months. It besides made a judicial admission whereby it required all the provinces to register for expiration of parental rights whenever a kid below 10 old ages has spent 15 of the 22 months in surrogate attention. This is nevertheless non followed because it is estimated that around 33 % of kids stay in the Foster attention for 8 months up to 4 old ages and even 16 % stay 5 old ages or more. It is besides estimated that in the twelvemonth 2004, 518,000 kids were populating in surrogate acre and merely approximately 23 per centum were shacking with relations while the remainder were shacking with people either in household or group place puting whom they did nt cognize prior to arrangement ( Flemons 1 ) . The American Foster attention system could non supply services expeditiously to keep the kids s rights. For illustration it is the responsibility of the Foster attention system to guarantee that no kids travel into the system without proper grounds of disregard yet many kids find themselves in arrangement places yet they were under no immediate dangers and they could hold been left safely in the custodies of their parents. One of the major grounds as to why the United States foster attention system ca nt expeditiously supply the demands of the surrogate kids is because of the federal fiscal inducements. This is because federal financess meant for the care of kids in Foster attention have been historically limitless but monies that could hold been used in supplying in-home services have been appropriated at the degrees which are far below that which is authorized by the Congress. Many of the financess which are appropriated by the provinces for in-home services have been historically diverted to further attention. The deficiency of sufficient financess has besides created unemployment. For illustration you will happen that most of the young persons who have aged out of the Foster attention have bee involved in improper Acts of the Apostless.it is estimated that 60 % of the work forces have been convicted of a offense and around 75 % of the adult females have received public aid. We all know that offense is propelled by poorness due to increased degrees of unemployment. Lack of adequate federal support to the Foster acre system has besides contributed vastly to the unemployment of the aged out surrogate young person because many of them could nt entree continued instruction which is critical for 1s calling and employment. Statisticss indicate that merely 6 % of those who were surveyed had finished a two or even for-year grade by the age of 24 and that about 25 per centum did non hold a high school sheepskin. It is besides estimated that merely 48 per centum of th e young person aged out of Foster were working compared to 72 % of those who did non go through through the Foster attention system. It is besides said that they merely worked for an one-year pay of $ 8,000 when their counter parts were acquiring double of this or even more. Many of the young person who aged out of the societal attention system have other jobs which the system has failed to supply. For illustration statistics indicate that around 40 per centum of them had been stateless since go forthing the Foster attention system. It is the responsibility of the Foster attention system to guarantee that they assist all the surrogate kids until they get independent. Again the Foster system has non ensured that the kids are acquiring the best in everything including the necessary accomplishments in life through instruction and that is why many are vulnerable because they can non supply for themselves ( Irp.wisc.edu 01 ) . Conclusion Most of the immature people are taken off from their households because it is believed that the society can make better in rearing them. The Foster attention system has committed to helping the surrogate kids as. There should nevertheless be expressed grounds which are doing the kids to be in the Foster places because most of the kids are in no danger while left at the attention of the parents. The United States foster attention system has nevertheless failed because it leaves some of the aged out young person s homeless and unemployed.it is the responsibility of the system to guarantee that they assist the aged out young person in accomplishing some stableness and if non so the footing of the system will be questionable

Culinary History of the Republic of Moldova Essay

Culinary History of the Republic of Moldova - Essay Example Each influences the other; each tries to outsmart the competing system by indigenous and imaginative methods of preparing dishes. The dishes are constantly improved and their contents updated on the basis of inputs provided by the clients. Once upon a time, The Republic of Moldova (Republica Moldova) was part of the ex-Romanian provinces. At present they have independent territorial status. It is difficult to single out the exclusive Moldovan cooking method. The cuisine incorporates elements from different cooking traditions adopted from the neighboring countries. Lot of importance is given to the details in the cuisine. For example, emphasis is on the right amount of spices as for taste and also for coloring the dish. The visual presentation of the dish is important. Some of their traditional dishes have the special cooking method. â€Å"The diversity of the vegetables and cereals found in Moldova is also noticed in the delicious dishes belonging to their cuisine. †¦ Meat is one of the main elements of most of the Moldavian dishes and cure and smoked hams are often parts of delicious dishes.†(Moldavian Cuisine†¦.) Geography of a country has a direct bearing on the cuisine. Human beings eat mainly in response to the hunger due to the demands of geographical conditions. Moldova is a landlocked country between Romania to the West and Ukraine in other directions (North, East and South) This small country is situated in the Eastern Europe on 47 N, 29 E. Its area is 33,700 sq km. It is close to Black sea and this makes the summers warm and winters mild. Just like in a desert area one finds sand, sand and sand again, in Moldova one sees hills, hills and hills again and nothing else around. The hilly plain includes three physical geographic zones: forest, forest-steppe and steppe. By no means a rich country, 25% of the people earn less than $2 per day. The biggest part of the country lies between two rivers, the Dniester and the Prut. This is one of the

Physician Assisted Suicides Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Physician Assisted Suicides - Essay Example wal of the life-sustaining treatments or administering pain medication that will hasten death through impairing critical body organ functions such as respiration (Jeffrey 73). The recent efforts of legalizing physician-assisted suicide have triggered intense medical, legal and social debates on whether physicians must be granted the authority to assist patients to intentionally end their lives. Physicians have a professional responsibility of respecting the patient’s choice and thus assisted suicide will enable the patient’s escape the pain and suffering in case of terminal illnesses (Jeffrey 68). Furthermore, a well-regulated assisted suicide practice will eliminate the slippery slope and ensure proper decision-making in assisting the patients commit suicide. The paper is addressed to health care policy makers that are tasked with offering guidelines on physician-assisted suicides in different parts of the country on how standardized physician-assisted suicide will be beneficial to the health care sector. The paper will discuss the arguments that have been put forward for and against physician-assisted suicide. The paper will make a conclusion on why the federal government should consider legalizing and regulating the practice since it is beneficial for patients suffering from extreme suffering due to life-threatening illnesses. Thesis statement: the federal government should legalize physician-assisted suicide I believe the federal government should legalize physician-assisted suicide in order to eliminate the terminal pain and suffering experienced by patients suffering from acute diseases. Although many physicians claim that they have the professional responsibility of preserving life and enhancing health care even for the terminally ill patients, the physicians have the knowledge and skills to assess the hopelessness situations of some patients and thus should assist them in committing suicide rather than leaving the patient undergo unbearable suffering

BHS 427 Health Care Finance (Module 2SLP) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BHS 427 Health Care Finance (Module 2SLP) - Essay Example which can be determined for a product. Indirect cost, on the other hand, includes factory overhead and similar cost elements that cannot be assigned to a specific product or service. In process costing, the cost for each product is not calculated. Instead, the costs are calculated for an entire batch, or service provided for the entire month. This way, it is easier and cheaper to calculate the costs rather than to attempt to determine costs for each unit of output; however, the costs calculated can be used to determine average costs for each unit. The process costing technique, thus, is inherently inaccurate. Process costing technique is most suitable for industries with similar types of products or services produced in an assembly like fashion. In health care industry, although it can be argued that patients usually have similar problems (after all, all are human beings) and require similar treatment. However, the treatment does not follow a fixed approach (for example, not all patients suffering with influenza are recommended the same medicine). The treatment differs based on patients' past history, allergies to certain medicines and other factors. Thus it may not be practicable to implement process costing technique in the health care industry. Job order costing differs from process costing in the way it captures costs. In contrast to process costing method, job order costing method calculates costs of each job instead of an entire process. For instance, using job order costing method, a company can determine the cost of fixing doors to an automobile assembly. Using the process costing method, the cost of entire process (assembling the automobiles with all parts) would be calculated instead. Job order costing is usually used for one-time, unique, or specially ordered products. To calculate job order cost, the direct costs are taken based on actual values whereas the indirect costs are computed as a percentage of direct material or direct labor consumption towards the job. Job Order Costing for Health Care Industry The job order costing for health care industry may take the form of identifying and calculating cost of fixing a new tooth within the overall dental checkup process at a dentist clinic. However, the application of job order costing in health care, though can be thought of, but are somewhat limited due to the nature of activities involved in health care industry. Activity Based Costing Activity based costing technique calculates costs based on actual consumption. This is carried out by identifying activities that are required to be undertaken to manufacture a product or to provide a service, and then identifying the actual costs that are incurred to complete these activities. The cost of the entire product or service is thus calculated. Activity Based Costing in Health Care Industry Activity based costing accurately provides the actual cost incurred on a product/ service; and thus it is widely used in industry nowadays. This is the main reason why health care industry uses activity based costing model to calculate costs of providing health care services. Prior to implementing this model in health care