Master harold and the boys essays

Master harold and the boys essays Racist Attitudes and Their Influences in Master Harold ... and the boys We have all heard the saying that the rich keep getting richer while the poor keep getting poorer. This somewhat describes South Africa in the 1950s. During this time in Africa, the white people kept getting more powerful while the black population kept getting weaker. South Africas apartheid system gave powerful odds to the whites and created a racist society. In Master Harold ... and the boys, a book set around the 1950s and during the apartheid system, the racist attitudes from the apartheid system and Hallys parents affected how Hally treated Sam and Willie, who are black and work for Hallys mother. These attitudes over-shadowed the good relationship Sam and Hally had built through most of Hallys childhood. Apartheid was a system that deliberately set out to humiliate black people, even to the point of relegating them to separate benches, entails the danger of habitual indifference to the everyday detail that shape black and white relationship and finally, perverts them. (Durbach 69). South Africa passed laws and acts making the black peoples lives degrading and ensured the white superiority. Four laws were passed in 1950 which included the Population Registration Act, Group Areas Act, the Amendment to the Immorality Act, and the suppression of the Communism Act. These laws did several things including classified people by color, governed areas for living according to race and controlled ownership of property, prohibited sexual contact across racial lines, and removed due process of laws for blacks. (Durbach 69). Apartheid was used in South Africa because the whites, while a minority in the population, wanted to be in control of the government and society. The way anything that is smaller in size, and therefore weaker, is able to get power is through intimidation. The whites made themselves...

A directors duty to a corporation’s creditors

A directors duty to a corporations creditors Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work produced by our Law Essay Writing Service . You can view samples of our professional work here . A directors duty to a corporation’s creditors Introduction In this chapter we will look at two related issues; how the somewhat nebulous duties discussed in the previous chapter operate to protect creditors interests and drawing on theoretical writing on corporate governance analyse the extent to which there is potential for conceptual and actual conflicts of interest. The issues that this dissertation attempts to answer are pertinent to the core of corporate governance and therefore I will initially attempt to outline a conceptual background to the debate within this chapter. Theories of Corporate Governance The legal framework within which the Corporation as a social entity operates is informed by a vast and at sometimes incomprehensible corpus of economic theory. An understanding of the role of the corporation will give us an understanding of the objective norm by which we are assessing our current legal rules that regulate the relationships of three of the major corpo rate constituents: Creditors, Shareholders and Directors. Boatright outlines in his introduction the importance of the modern conception of the corporation to corporate law: ‘ The modern theory of the firm, which is central to finance and corporate law, views the corporation as a nexus of contracts between the various corporate constituencies. Upon this foundation finance theory and corporate law postulate shareholder wealth as the objective of the firm ’ [1] A problematic issue for Corporate Law is that situations of Insolvency challenge the primacy of shareholder wealth maximisation in favour of creditor protection. It causes many scholars in the legal profession to go back to the roots of why ought corporations be shareholder wealth maximising? And furthermore why does it hold such ideological weight? Undoubtedly shareholders are one of the most important parties in the contractual nexus of a corporation; they provide ready capital, hold a claim on resi dual assets and bear the residual risk of corporate failure. However their integral role per se doesn’t justify their primacy in corporate law and theory. Boatright summarises the main argument for shareholder primacy: Only those who bear the residual risk are appropriate for making discretionary decisions as to wealth-maximisation. If employees, bondholders and perhaps creditors had control they would tend to favour decisions that maximise their fixed-claim, this could mean that less-profitable decisions would be taken. Even managers and directors will have separate agendas and avoid profitable ventures if it was likely to increase risk to them or reduce their power. Only shareholders that bear flexible and varying costs and benefits are in the position to make purely profit-maximising decisions. In a legal sense this special interest of the shareholders is protected through the operation of fiduciary duties to shareholders, such theories argue that no other part y in the corporate contractual nexus would benefit from the arrangement as much and therefore shareholders are more willing to pay for the privilege of having their interests protected whereas creditors and other parties would rather not have their interests tied as closely to the corporations performance as closely. A good example of the distinctive nature of shareholder and director relations can be viewed when we consider the contract of employment. An employee of a firm does not benefit from a fiduciary duty to maximise profits in various ways as such a duty could prejudice them in many ways such as reducing their pay and lengthening their hours. They would prefer a more fixed contractual relationship. The welfare of society is maximised through this corporate arrangement because it is viewed as the most efficient arrangement but by no means the only arrangement other examples can be employee-owned corporations and most pertinent to this dissertation the role of creditors intere sts. This work is looking at one aspect of the contractual nexus and whether the balance between shareholder and creditor interests is both ethical and practical. Interrelated into this task are other conceptual questions that we are forced to confront.

Report and roadmap about an emerging technology Essay

Report and roadmap about an emerging technology - Essay Example chnology roadmap that sets out key milestones and activities occurring in the course of developing the technology, milestones in technical development required in the future, and key activities for supporting future technical as well as commercial development of the project. In addition, other relevant factors for its past or its future are considered. The milestone in developing the artificial uterus can be attributed to development of the artificial placenta. A significant progress in the pump technology and the oxygenator has allowed the development of the artificial uterus to focus in the direction of the physiological role model in the coming years. Again, this development has been enhanced by the invention of the novel pump-less assist device. The milestones required in the technical development in the future include submersion, inflammatogenicity and thrombogenicity, and cannulation. These requirements are discussed further in the paper. They are initiated in the presence of various aspects that are considered in the development of the artificial uterus such as artificial endometrium, artificial placenta, and synthetic amniotic fluid. For the artificial endometrium, the interior lining of the uterus has to have the same features as the natural one. Regarding the artificial placenta, it has to in a position of developing on the endometrial wall or as an external device and its capacity has to allow nutrients, gaseous exchange and eliminate waste products. The synthetic amniotic fluid on the other hand would be considered an important component in the success of the project. Regarding its future market, the development of the artificial uterus is a safer way for women. Ladies will able to have children without the cost of labor pains or cesarean surgery scars. Moreover, it gives women, who have childbearing difficulties, the opportunity to have children. Women will have the liberty that would not have come with having a normal pregnancy, as keeping up with

Bus 499 The Learning and Growth Perspective case 4 Essay

Bus 499 The Learning and Growth Perspective case 4 - Essay Example than only focusing on the customer perspective, internal perspective, financial perspective and innovation and learning perspective, it is also very essential that the company incorporates the importance of growth and learning within the company. Johnson believes that the most important quadrant in the balance score card. This is simple because the foundation of future is made strong by trusted people who had a fire to grow. The company serves the niche market for over 5 decades now and has a wide range of customers and a wide market as well. The president of the company, Susan Johnson, focuses on the key that a company’s value id added with the ability to learn and innovate and improve. Thus keeping this in mind Johnson has focused a lot on the business scorecard mainly in the learning sector. Futura’s main focus is on the measurement of the customers the company has. The company focuses on continuous improvements of the competencies within the firm. Also the company aims at providing the employees with a safe, challenging and positive working environment. The company aims at ensuring that all the people hired within the company have a shared values as that of the company and have a drive and fire within themselves to contribute to the company by learning, innovating and working towards ensuring the goals of the company (Johnson, 2003). The company’s mission is ‘Extraordinary Value through Extrusions’, to ensure this is achieved the company works with its employees and expects them to contribute to the success of the company as well as the customers. The company takes a number of measures to ensure that only the right candidates are chosen for the company. This is because of the fact that the employees play a very important role both for the company success as well the success of customers. To ensure the company is well balanced the company has introduced a number of different programs, like the annual performance, birthday reviews, certifications,

Essay --

Discuss the social psychological approach in psychology and identify the kinds of questions that social psychologists attempt to answer. This essay will study what social psychology actually is and the debates within the field as well as the history and origins of social psychology. In addition to this it will then continue and look at what they study within this field and what types of questions to ask and what results they gain from this. The question of what social psychology actually is, is not something that is easy to answer as it has been regarded as a diverse and fragmented discipline that is divided by the battle between experimental and critical social psychology. This is based on whether it should be a science or not, the ideology and what constitutes the social world (Rogers,). It is regarded as an umbrella discipline in which many sub-disciplines sit under including biological, clinical and organisational. (Myers,) Many social psychologists argue that social psychology is a scientific study that investigates how others influence thoughts, behaviour and feeling (Hogg & Vaughan,). Theses are the experimental psychologists who try to find a cause effect relationship between two variables by testing hypotheses, whilst ensuring that all variables are operationalized in order to gain results that are valid and there are no confounding variables. They do this whilst in a controlled laboratory environment ensuring that no other factors could play a part and act as a confounding variable. Critical psychology on the other hand would argue that the scientific method to measure behaviour is not the only method that can be used. It argues that the scientific method if often unsuitable for studying certain aspects of peoples ... ...ing used as many were relying on experimental methods and the assumptions of positivists to produce explanations that were reductionist instead of holistic and looking at the whole environment and not just the person. The ideology was also criticised during this period as the values of individualism were arising rather than the sociologist ideology that had previously existed (Myers). Social psychologists have a range of different subject areas and topics that they can choose from when deciding what research they want to do, including; obedience, conformity, identity, communication and language, persuasion and influence. In addition to this there are two main theories that derive from social psychology, the first being behaviourism and the second being social learning theory. The first theory behaviourism, derived from Pavlovs work looking at operant conditioning

Pfizer company Analysis Essay

Introduction Pfizer is a pharmaceutical company that is here to help us have a better health. It was founded in (1849) by two cousins Charles Pfizer and Charles Erhart. It was made to discover and developing new ways to prevent and treat disease and also to improve health in the world. The company focuses on meeting the world help needs. Pfizer specializes in many medicines. They have medicines to help all health needs in the world. Throughout this report, I will be discussing all different kinds of medicines this company prescribes, the health and wellness of this company, the leadership and structure and many more important key points about Pfizer. I will also discuss the time line of this company on when events took place. Exploring the History of Pfizer Two cousins, Charles Pfizer and Charles Erhart from Germany open a small company with some money that was borrowed from Charles Pfizer father in (1849). Their first company was open in Brooklyn, New York in a section of Williamsburg. This small red brick building serves as everything, the office, warehouse, laboratory and the factory. Charles Pfizer was a chemist and Erhart was a confectioner and together they made their first product which was a palatable form of santonin. This product was an antiparasitic used to treat intestinal worms. The santonin was blend with almond-toffee flavoring and shape into a candy cone. It was a wonderful success and the company launch. (Pfizer 2009) In 1862, Pfizer launched its first domestic production of tartaric acid and cream of tartar. â€Å"Tartaric acid was used as a laxative and a skin coolant during the Civil War. The cream of tartar was a diuretic and a cleaning agent and also a vital drug to help meet the needs of the Union Army. Among these are iodine, morpahine, cholorform, camphor, and maercurials which are also used in the emerging field of photography.† (Pfizer 2009) By the (1968), the company doubles its side. It have increase it product line and also add 150 new employees. With the company growth, they buy a new building in Manhattan and moves it headquarters there. In (1880), the company started imported concentrates of lemon and lime which Pfizer begins manufacturing citric acid. They became the top producer of citric acid. Once the new drinks gain popularity; like Coca-Cola, Dr. Pepper and Pepsi-Cola, the demand for citric acid climbs the charts.  (Pfizer 2009) As the company double over the year, Pfizer opens an offices and warehouse in Chicago, Illinois, the first location outside the city limit of New York in (1882). On December 27, 1891, Charles Erhart dies and leaves a partnership worth over $250,000 to his son William. But in an agreement among Pfizer and Erhart, Pfizer could buy Erhart’s share at half inventory value. Pfizer became consolidating ownership of the company. (Pfizer 2009) â€Å"Pfizer files an official certificate of incorporation in the state of New Jersey, with authorized capital of $2 million divided into 20,000 shares of $100 each. Pfizer would remain a privately held company until June 22, 1942, when 240, 000 shares of new common stock were offered to the public. Charles Pfizer appointed his youngest son President at a special board meeting. Emile serves as President from (1906) to (1941) and briefly as Chairman in (1941). He was the last member of the family to be an activity member of the company. Charles Pfizer dies at the age of 82 while vacationing at his Newport, Rhode Island estate in 1906. The company has exceeded its sales to 3 million dollars by this time of Pfizer death. Once Pfizer dead, the board of director meets and name John Anderson as chairman of the company. Anderson first started working at Pfizer Inc as an office boy in (1873) and remained chairman until (1929) when he stepped down. (Pfizer 2009) A fermentation-free method of ascorbic acid was developed which was vitamin C. Pfizer was one of the biggest producers of vitamin C. Next came vitamin B-2, or riboflavin, and eventually develops a vitamin mix that includes riboflavin, thiamin, niacin, and iron. Pfizer had a miracle drug called penicillin. This drug was use for soldiers in the war. Pfizer receive an award on April 17, 1943 from the Army for it company’s contribution to the war. (Pfizer 2009) By the 1951, Pfizer have expanded its company in Belgium, Vrazil, Canada, Cuba, England, Mexico, Panama, and Puerto Rico. In (1952), Pfizer introduce an Agricultural Division of the company to offer anim al health problems in Terre Haute, Indiana. Pfizer also open another plant in England in (1955). This plant was a fermentation plant for research and development operations in Great Britain. The company was doing so well, they open another Pfizer pharmaceutical plant in Mexico, Italy, and Turkey. The company workers increase from 4,300 to over 7,000 workers in just one year. (Pfizer 2009) (In 1967), the company introduced its first one a day antibiotic called  Vibramycin (dozycycline hyclate). As the year over taken, Pfizer had a drug called Feldence that became one of the largest-selling prescription anti-inflammatory medications in the world. From 1984-1989, Pfizer had introduce four new drugs. The first drug was Glucotrol which is for diabetes. The next drug was Unasyn (ampicillin sulbasctam). It was an injectable antibiotic. They produced a medication for angina and hypertension which was Procardia XL that is a medication that you take once-a-day. (Pfizer 2009) In June (2001), Hank Mckinnell announces that Pfizer to become the world’s most valued company to patients, customers and the communities we live in everyday. He announced a commitment to fund the building of a regional treatment and training center on the campus of Makerere University in Kampala as part of the Academic Alliance for AIDS Care. As the years passed by, Pfizer announces the launch of a three-year initiative to provide grants to support training and capacity building for HIV/AIDS in developing countries in (2002). (Pfizer 2009) In 2003 research and development received over $7.1 billion of investment from Pfizer. They start on a new medication to treat migraines called Relpax. The US Food and Drug Administration approved the first treatment drug called Lyrica to treat neuropathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy in two forms. This drug also helps treat adults with epilepsy with partial onset seizures. On October 15, 2009, Pfizer wanted to help the lives of the patients and consumers by creating a company with on training products and therapies. (Pfizer 2009) Pfizer Pfizer have three different section of within their company. Pfizer is a incorporation which is a public company that was established in 1849. It is there to discover, develops, manufactures and market human and animal pharmaceuticals drugs. The Pfizer Inc. Corporate Giving Program is a complement of its foundation. Its corporate makes charitable contributions to nonprofit organizations directly. But last not least, The Pfizer foundation supports programs designed to promote access to quality health care and support the involvement of Pfizer community colleagues. (National Directory of Corporate Giving) The foundation have special emphasis in four strategies. The first strategy is to improve health care for people in need. The second strategy is to teach individuals about health care and a  way to prevent things from happening to health care workers and individuals as a whole. Third strategy is to increasing the faculty of health organizations to provide care to people in need. But last, to measure the impact by serving partnership with experts to be able to share the best practice offer. (National Directory of Corporate Giving) Pfizer leadership and Structure This company is made up of the best senior level executive personnel and the best decision-making board member there is offer. This board was brought together to focus on the major decisions of the company. Pfizer had several kinds of health care businesses. Pfizer had businesses such as Capsugel, Oncoogy, Nutrition, and Animal Health. Each company was run by a top executive who had very good knowledge of the company and products. (Pfizer 2009) The Board of Directors is elected annually by shareholders. They are the decision-making body of the company with the help of the shareholders. The Board selects the senior management team, which is charged with the conduct of the Company’s business. The board currently has 16 directors. (Pfizer 2009) Corporate Governance Pfizer was the first company to establish a corporate governance department. Pfizer understand to be trusted by public, they must have a good corporate governance and transparency. Pfizer stated â€Å"In order to create and sustain value for our stakeholders, and for society as a whole, we must first practice responsible business principles.† â€Å"And, we must take into account our stakeholders’ interests and be held accountable to them.† As reading the quote above from Pfizer Company, it clearly states that public opinion matter the most to them. The company want to make sure everyone have some kind of involves with their business. (Pfizer 2009) Public Policy Pfizer has a public policy select in its company. That’s a way the company communicate to people who have a part in their company. The public will be able to have discussing about the company and its product. The public policy is made so that the public can response to item to help improve the company to have better product and also to introduce new product into the company. (Pfizer 2009) Phrases of Development Pfizer Company has four different phrases of clinical development which new drugs are developed through a series of trails. Phrase 1, the company have healthy individual to volunteer for an experiential medicine which is called investigational new drug. This medicine is design to cure a disease which the volunteer currently have. A low dose of this medication is administered to the individual with highly supervision. The volunteer is watch very closed to record it responds to the medication to measure the doses that is best for that individual. (Pfizer 2009) In the second phrase, the drug is watched much closer to see what method is best for the individual. The method can be ever an oral or injection method. These patients for this stage are highly recommended by doctors or is a patient that has the disease that the drug is believed to treat. Phrase 3 is basically checking the results of the experiment to make sure the drug is working properly. The last phrase gather all the result form the trail period to make sure everything when as occurring as plan. They gather all the information on the drug about any risk that could occur while testing this drug on individuals. (Pfizer 2009) Programs Pfizer have many grants that they give out to university, foundation and other organizations. Pfizer also have many programs within it company. I will list and discuss some of the programs:  ConnectHIV: The foundation supports programs designed to serve communicates that are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS through grants to 20 mid-sized AIDS service organizations in the 10 states of the US with the highest number of new AIDS cases. The program is designed to prevent new infections to high-risk populations and delay disease progression for those already infected by supporting ASOs that take a comprehensive approach to presentation, access to care, and treatment. (National Directory of Corporate Giving) Science in Schools: The foundation supports programs designed to improve education in communities around the world. Special emphasis is directed toward programs designed to build fully-equipped science labs and math classrooms to train local science teachers and develop initiatives to  encourage corporations and individuals to partner with local schools. It also helps teachers to study science in order to bring innovative knowledge and technology into the classroom. (National Directory of Corporate Giving) Volunteer Programs (PVP): The foundation awards grants up to $1,500 to performing arts groups, museums, agencies serving the elderly, schools, libraries, hospitals, and community health organizations which employees and retirees of Pfizer volunteer. (National Directory of Corporate Giving) Matching Gift: The foundation matches contributions made by employees and retirees of Pfizer to nonprofits organizations on a one for one basis. (National Directory of Corporate Giving)  Global Health Partnerships: Advancing Caner and Tobacco Control: The foundation support the partnership of public health in the areas of tobacco independence and oncology. It important is directed toward programs with impact serving as global models in improving cancer-related health outcomes, supporting cancer control and encouraging tobacco independence. Pfizer Animal Health Pfizer is one of the world leaders in Veterinary-prescription medicines. Pfizer supports the veterinarians and animal food producer in making sure food is healthy for animals. Making sure the food is healthy for the animal ensures they will live a longer live. Pfizer also help support the veterinary to prevent animal illness. Articles The next half of my research will be discussing articles that I have researched on about Pfizer found in different magazines. I will be at the best of my knowledge summary the article to assure your understanding. I will also attached copies of the article at the end of the paper. â€Å"Will Pfizer’s giveaway drugs polish its public image?† The first article I will summarize is â€Å"Will Pfizer’s giveaway drugs polish its public image? This article was much unexpected. Pfizer decided to have a giveaway on drugs to reconstruct their company in August 2009. They made this service available for people who have lost their jobs. Pfizer have helped people out before financial but not a giveaway drugs day. Other pharmaceutical  industry wants to do the same thing to help other out also. Pfizer believer this was a good way of letting the public now that curing the disease is the main thing that is important to their company. I believe this article surprise a lot of people all over the world. It was a good thing that Pfizer decide to giveaway drugs to help the people in needed. I think all pharmaceutical company should at least try this once a year to improve their rating of their company. If other company participates in these events, their sells will increase over time. It’s also important that other people are concern about your health as well as yourself. This giveaway made a lot of people happy expressly the one that could afford to buy these drugs on their own.

Case Study Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 - 2136 Words

Case Study #1: Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Monay Link The University of Tampa Case Study #1: Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is an endocrine disorder that has the potential to affect various major organs throughout its progression. Diabetes Mellitus is divided into three common categories: type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent), and gestational diabetes. Ninety percent of over 24 million people suffer from type 2 diabetes in the United States (Arcangelo Peterson, 2013). The pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes can be any combination of resistance to insulin, elevation in hepatic glucose production, or a pancreas that secretes less insulin than needed to control glucose levels†¦show more content†¦The gold standard for diagnosing type 2 diabetes is testing the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), or the average of the body’s blood sugar over three months’ time (Arcangelo Peterson, 2013). Other diagnostic testing include the fasting plasma glucose or the oral glucose tolerance test. The fasting gluco se is a lab draw taken when the patient has fasted (nothing by mouth) for eight hours or more (Arcangelo Peterson, 2013). Oral glucose tolerance testing is typically only used in diagnosing gestational diabetes. Normal glucose values are variable to each diagnostic test. The fasting plasma glucose is defined as a normal reading of 100. Postload glucose, or the reading two hours after a meal, is normally 140. The American Diabetes Association recommends a blood glucose log that tests before meals and two hours after each meal (ADA, 2015). Arcangelo and Peterson (2013) define an impaired fasting glucose as a reading above 100 but below 126, or a two hour postload glucose of 140-200. These values indicate a pre-diabetic state. Repeat diagnostic testing at a different time is warranted in the diagnosing of diabetes (Arcangelo Peterson, 2013). 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